Company law makes systematized set of these legal norms on the legal status of business entities and their legal business in the market. This from the standpoint of current normative legal system (laws and bylaws). On the other hand, commercial law as a scientific and teaching discipline, studying the legal status of entities and relationships in the legal business in the market. Commercial law is studied from the standpoint of the internal domestic law and from the standpoint of international law with regard to the foreign element. There is a connection between business entities in foreign trade, foreign investment, international economic organizations and the like.

The subject of economic rights and legal issues in business operations, and legal relations in certain areas of business operations. Some narrower legal areas of commercial law are:

• Status commercial law or the legal status of companies and other entities business operations.
• Contracts in Commercial Law (trade in goods and services contracts in the banking business and operations in the insurance industry).
• Banking business and securities, the legal regime of securities (bills of exchange, checks, shares and other securities).
• Fundamentals of International Business Law (foreign trade and other forms of economic transactions with foreign countries).

The party (the prosecutor, the defendant, the defendant, the proposer) can in the judicial and administrative proceedings himself undertake procedural actions, and may appoint another person for this purpose – in the criminal procedure, this is the defense counsel, and in other procedures – the proxy. In some cases, the party may also have a representative who is not dependent on her will: the defendant’s lawyer’s defense counsel, the juvenile legal representative authorized by the law himself, etc.

In short, status changes are changes that occur, as their name implies, by changing the status of a company. These are not, as often thought, changes that relate to the address of the head office or the predominant activity of the company. These are changes you may have heard about “taking over the company” or “merging with another company”. For successful business, you may not need to know yourself to perform a status change, but it is necessary to know what they represent and how they are being implemented to know what is at your disposal.

CONCEPT AND TYPES OF STATUS VARIABLES

The Companies Act (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia”, No. 36/2011, 99/2011, 83/2014 – other Law and 5/2015) defines status changes as a procedure in which one company (the transferor company) is reorganized which transfers the assets and liabilities to another company (the acquiring company), while its members in that company acquire shares, or shares. The rule is that all members of a transferring company acquire shares in a company in proportion to their shares / shares in the company to the transferor, unless each member of the transferor company agrees that a change in share / stock in a different proportion is made by status change or if it exercises its right to payment instead of acquiring shares / shares in the acquiring company.

WHO CAN BE A SUBJECT OF STATUS CHANGE?

The subject of status change may be one or more companies of the same or different legal form, for example, a limited liability company is acquired by a joint stock company. It is important to note that a company that is in liquidation or in bankruptcy can not participate in a status change unless the status change is implemented as a reorganization measure prescribed by the  Law on Bankruptcy.

TYPES OF STATUS CHANGES:

1. Annexation: when one or more companies are joined by another company by transferring to the company all of their assets and liabilities, the merging company ceases to exist.
2. Merger: when two or more companies merge with the formation of a new company and transferring to the company all their assets and liabilities, and the merging companies cease to exist.
3. Divide: when a company is divided by simultaneously transferring its entire assets and liabilities to:

• two or more newly founded companies, in which case it is a matter of division upon establishment,
• two or more existing companies, in which case it is a division with a merger or,
• one or more newly founded societies and one or more existing societies, which would be a mixed division.

In each of these three types of status changes of society that cease to exist, they do so without implementing the liquidation procedure.

1. Separation: when a company is divided by transferring a portion of its assets and liabilities to:

• one or more newly founded companies, in which case it is about allocation for the establishment,
• one or more existing companies, in which case it is a securitization bond or,
• one or more newly founded companies and one or more existing companies, which would be a mixed separation.

The Company continues to exist after the status change of the allocation has been implemented.

The executive procedure is a method of treatment that, by the application of legally regulated coercion, receives a claim, established by a domestic or foreign executive or authentic document. The enforcement procedure shall be initiated on the proposal of the executive creditor or ex officio when specified by law. Enforcement shall be determined by the court, unless otherwise provided by law, by the court or by the executor.

The introduction of enforcement agents into the executive procedure is also the biggest inovation adopted by the new law. It is a person appointed by the Minister in charge of the judiciary to carry out the execution in the status of the official person within the limits of the decision on execution and to exercise other powers conferred by law. The enforcement agent and the court can not simultaneously report the execution on the basis of the same enforcement order. The basic and commercial court is in charge of deciding on the enforcement procedure, and the court is exclusively competent to enforce decisions related to family relations and to perform for the purpose of returning the employee to work.

The costs of the proceedings relating to the determination and implementation of the execution of the judgment debtor bears. The executive creditor is obliged to advance the costs of the procedure, and the proof of the paid advance is obliged to submit with the proposal for execution. The costs of proceedings initiated ex officio are advanced from the funds of the enforcing court. When enforcement is already carried out, the executing debtor may file a motion for non-execution against the court requesting that the creditor return it to him by the enforcement, if:

• the executive document has been finalized, ie, finally abolished, amended, or annulled, or put into effect,
• the executing debtor voluntarily settled the creditor’s claim during the enforcement proceedings,
• a decision on execution or a decision on the enforcement of the enforcement has been terminated or amended in a final manner,
• by a final court decision, the inadmissibility of execution has been established.

Means of execution for the purpose of realization of the monetary claim are: sale of movable property, sale of real estate, transfer of cash receivables, transfer of claims for transfer of movable property or immovable property, realization of other property rights, transfer of funds held in the account with the bank, sale of shares and stakes in economic entities.

Creation of complex contracts with legal entities and individuals of essential elements, through appropriate means of securing the execution of contracts, regulation of tax aspects, confidentiality, ways of resolving possible misunderstandings and many other aspects, requires modern engagement and dedication in legal counseling practice, legal skills and skills according to which high-level lawyers are recognized.

Our legal team provides complete legal advice and making all kinds of contracts to legal and physical persons, and long-term satisfaction of clients that we are taking care of. We are only motivated to continue providing quality legal outsourcing in this area, while maintaining a simple legal maxim that the contract is nothing more than the agreement of the will of the contracting parties.

Intellectual property is subject to (a creation of the human mind and spirit) protection of intellectual rights. They include: copyright and copyright related rights and industrial property rights.

Significantly marked intellectual rights, just like other absolute rights, that they are acting towards everyone (erga omnes). Copyrights protect some copyrighted work, such as: books, brochures, musical works, dramatic works; as well as works related to copyright such as: the rights of the interpreters, the rights of the publisher of free work, the rights of the producers of phonograms, video shows, databases. The right to industrial property includes: patent (invention), industrial design, trademark, etc.).

COPYRIGHT

Authorship – considered as an individual spiritual creation in the fields of science, literature and art: written works (literary texts, studies, inscriptions, articles, and computer programs). Speeches: lectures, speeches, sermons, etc. Music works with words or without words. Audiovisual works: films and works created in a way similar to film. Architectural works: sketches, plans, drawings and built objects. Photographic works and works produced in a similar manner to photography. Then, as protected works are observed: scientific, educational or technical presentations – technical sketches, plans, charts, formulas, expertise, expert findings, presentations in plastic form and other works of the same nature.

As copyrighted work that is copyrighted, it is considered: the beginning of work, the unfinished work, the title and other ingredients of the work – if they represent individual spiritual creations. Translations, adjustments, music arrangements, musical processing and other processing of original musical works that fulfill the individual requirements – enjoy copyright protection.

Copyright works are not considered and are not protected: ideas, concepts, procedures, working methods, mathematical operations, principles and discoveries. Official texts in the field of judiciary, administration and legislation. Then, political speeches and speeches were held during the court hearings. Daily news, various other news and information expressed in a customized press form. National literary and artistic creations.

LAW RELATED TO COPYRIGHT

The rights of interpreters – interpreters are performers of the work: actors, singers, musicians, dancers and other persons who, by their arts (singing, playing, etc.) or otherwise performing artistic or folklore works. As performers, directors of theatrical performances, conductors and orchestras, leaders of singers choirs, varnishes and circus artists are also observed.

The rights of the phonogram producer – the phonogram producer is a natural or legal person who undertakes the initiative and bears the responsibility for the first fixation of sounds of one performance or of what constitutes a sound. The rights of the producers of the phonogram are 50 years from the date of the first fixation, ie 50 years from the date of legal issuance, or 50 years from the date of legal communication to the public, if the phonogram was not legally issued previously. The 50-year period shall be calculated from 1 January of the first year after that in which the relevant facts have occurred.

The rights of a film producer – a film producer is a natural or legal person who provides money, organizes and manages the fixation of moving images tracked with audio or without audio track (videogram). The rights of the film producer are 50 years since the first fixation, or 50 years since the legal release of the public or the legal issue of the work. The 50-year period shall be counted from 1 January of the first year after that in which the relevant fact occurred.

The right of a broadcasting organization – a broadcasting organization is a legal entity that undertakes an initiative and bears the burden of responsibility for recording the broadcast. The broadcast is an audio-visual content that turns into electromagnetic waves and communicates to the public via television and radio receivers.

Media and Mass Media – The media (public media) is a program, the founder of which is a natural or legal person, which represents a editorial-designed set of information intended for a predetermined number of persons. The notion of media, that is mass media, in different legal processes receives unequal content. Media for legal purposes we call: newspapers, radio or TV programs, teletext, interenet news, radio programs, TV programs and other programs.

THE LAW OF THE MASSMEDIA AS A LEGAL TERM

The term “the law mass media (media)” is not defined nowhere in domestic regulations. Domestic regulations do not use the term “the law of mass media” (media), but he is commonly used among lawyers.

MEDIA LAWYER AND MEDIA LEGAL REPRESENTATION

There are two types of media advocacy, just as there are in many other areas of law.

Representation in litigation, which involves offensive and defensive legal actions (responses to other persons’ claims, filing of claims, initiating proceedings in case of doubt that a client’s right is endangered, cooperation with the state and proceedings in case of violation of the law, etc.), then transactional or business representation with emphasis on facilitating business agreements, negotiation, strategy creation and conclusion of contracts (production, talent and finance, protection of trademarks, copyrights, etc.) in order to set good foundations for future work and avoid future problems. Due to the delicacy of the subject matter of the dispute or business, media advocacy requires a lot of respect for the laws, good business customs and business secrets of the clients.

Legal certainty, the adjustment of relations and efficiency in real estate in many ways are a mirror of the entire legal system. Immovable property traffic implies interweaving the most important legal and law institutes, regardless of whether it is a sale, exchange, gift, inheritance or other basis of acquisition.

Our legal team seeks to ensure that in every transaction that involves real estate transactions, it provides the most efficient and best protection of client’s interests, taking into account applicable legal regulations and maximum legal security that everyone is striving for when real estate movements are concerned.

In addition to making pre-contracts and real estate transactions in this area, we pay particular attention to:

• Create a mini due diligence of a real estate in higher value transactions;
• Special means of securing the payment of the price (a dedicated escrow account);
• By procedures of registering real rights in public registers of real estate (registration);
• Tax Optimization (Tax on Transfer of Absolute Rights, Capital Profit Tax);
• Investment of real estate in the share capital of companies;

Taxes are the main source of financing the budget and an instrument for the implementation of the prescribed competencies of the state and its units, from which the functioning of the state depends directly. The tax system of the Republic of Serbia is subject to frequent changes and reforms, which is a real challenge for both financial institutions and business entities, especially taking into account the active implementation of numerous actions to improve the efficiency of the Tax Administration in detecting non-compliance with tax regulations and collection of established tax liabilities in order to reducing the budget deficit of the Republic of Serbia. Therefore, the planning of tax liabilities and the management of tax risks that accompany business becomes more and more complex.

What else in practice in this area is extracting in relation to other legal areas is the superiority of a state, as an entity that not only regulates tax policy by adopting appropriate regulations, but also a beneficiary of funds, which inevitably influences the interpretation of tax norms by the competent authorities when collecting tax.

Our team has a proactive approach to this branch of law, following the latest stand taken by the competent institutions in practice. We are able to provide tax advice to the client in order to optimize business operations, to achieve tax savings, to avoid disputes with tax authorities and demanding administration, which usually arise from frequent changes and different interpretations of tax regulations.

Therefore, one advice at the right moment in a tax procedure is more valuable than a hundred working hours when there is already a dispute.

Representation of a party is regulated in the Civil Procedure Act so that a party without a civil authority is represented by its legal representative – so a minor child is represented by his / her parent by law. The legal representative shall be determined by law or by the act of the competent body adopted on the basis of the law.

REPRESENTATION OF MINORS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

The position of juveniles as victims of criminal proceedings is regulated by the Law on Juvenile Offenders and Criminal Protection of Juveniles from Article 150 to 157.

This Law prescribes that the Chamber, chaired by a judge who has acquired special knowledge in the field of child rights and juvenile justice, shall be tried by juvenile offenders for the following criminal offenses prescribed by the Criminal Code, if the minor is a victim in the criminal proceedings.

In addition to the special provisions applicable to juvenile perpetrators of criminal acts, in rare cases, pursuant to this Law and to adult persons, this Law provides a special procedure and when minors are detained. The reason for this is as with the perpetrator of crimes, the age of the injured and the specificity of their personality. Our lawyers have a certificate for the defense of juveniles and provide services for the defense of juveniles in criminal cases and representing minors who are victims of the commission of criminal offenses.

REPRESENTATION OF MINORS IN LITIGATION PROCEDURE

In addition to representation in criminal proceedings, our office provides services for representing minors in litigation. We follow our clients from the moment of the initiation of the procedure, until the final conclusion of the procedure, taking care to realize all their legal rights and thereby maximally favor the position in the litigation proceedings.

Family law is a special branch of law that regulates family relationships, as well as family and social relations. It is also a special legal science that systematises, explains and studies existing legal norms for the family, but also proposes new legal solutions.

As a special legal discipline, family law can be defined in a narrower and broader sense. In a more general sense, family law is a set of legal norms that regulate family relationships, while in the broader sense family law regulates family and social relations.

In modern family law, certain extraordinary elements play a significant role. Family law is, as a rule, multidisciplinary and should be viewed from a legal point of view (importance of inheritance, real, obligatory, criminal, medical law), as well as from other aspects (importance of biological, psychological, sociological, philosophical knowledge). The application of family norms is often not possible without the involvement of experts from a number of scientific disciplines.

The term family law can also refer to a science that systematically studies and explains family law norms. In addition to analyzing existing legal norms, this science, noting the imperfection of existing family legislation, proposes changes to existing ones or the adoption of new legal solutions.

Family law as a science can observe a family from different aspects:

• from the point of view of a positive right – the subject of review is the norm whose application is mandatory in a particular country;
• from the point of view of comparative law – the subject of the analysis is the family rules that are valid in the legislation of several states;
• from the point of view of the history of rights – analyzes former solutions in the field of family law in one or more states;

Family law as a science should, according to the fact that a married man and a family is multidimensional, respect various aspects of family life including, but not limited to, emotional, psychological, social, economic and demographic aspects.

Criminal law is a law that refers to the existence of a crime. It prescribes behavior that is considered threats, harmful or otherwise endangering the property, health, safety and moral well-being of people. The majority of the criminal law is determined by the statute, which means that the law is passed by legislation. This includes punishing people who violate these laws.

Criminal law varies according to jurisdiction and is distinct from civil law, where there is more emphasis on dispute resolution and victim compensation than punishment. Criminal proceedings are a formalized official activity that confirms the fact of the commission of a criminal offense and grants the criminal proceedings of the perpetrators. These are, in short, basic definitions; they do not include all legal systems, all stages in the development of the legal system, or all the elements within a given legal system.

Criminal law is divided into:

• material criminal law;
• criminal procedural law;
• criminal enforcement law;

Criminal law is a legal norm regulating a question in the field of criminal law, whether its general or a particular part.

• one legal norm or
• systemic law regulating part of the criminal law matter.

The Criminal Code, that is, codification or the code of criminal law, covers the entire matter of criminal law. Criminal legislation can be defined as a set or system of criminal laws applicable in one country, which implies all laws regulating criminal law.

Labor law is the name for a set of legal norms regulating the origin, content and termination of employment, as well as the legal position of the labor law subjects.

DEFINITION OF LABOR LAW

Labor law is a branch of a positive right that implies the application of legal norms and principles contained in labor legislation. Employment is established to meet the needs of the owner of the capital and the owner of the workforce.

DEFINITION OF WORK RELATIONSHIP

It is a relationship that is based on an employment contract between an employer and an employee. It is a legal relationship between legal entities. The content of the legal relationship consists of the rights and obligations of its subjects. The employment relationship can be individual and collective. The collective relationship is right between the employer and the majority of employees in order to determine and realize collective labor rights.

SUBJECTS OF WORK RELATIONSHIP

The employment relationship is established by two legal entities: the employee and the employer. An employee is a physical person who has an official relationship. The status of an employee is acquired by meeting the conditions set forth in the law, and is terminated by termination of employment. An employer may be a natural or legal person and is acquired in the manner prescribed by law. The employer can be a company, a commercial bank, etc. or a state body. As an individual, the employer can be an entrepreneur who must have a registration for the performance of his / her activity.

CONTENT OF WORKING RELATIONS

It represents the rights and obligations of an employee and an employer prescribed by law. These rights and obligations can be individual and collective. Individual work scheduling, working hours, vacations, absence etc. … Collective rights are union and corporate mergers, collective bargaining, etc. …

REGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT

Labor relations are regulated by a special law that must be in accordance with ratified international conventions. Labor relations in state bodies are regulated by a special law on civil servants. All these laws must be in accordance with the Constitution and ratified international conventions. The Collective Agreement and the Rules of Procedure are jointly referred to as general acts and can not be given less rights or less favorable working conditions than those established by law. The labor contract has a normative effect because it determines the content of the rights and obligations of each employee and every employer.

Mobing is a psychological violence that most often aims to make a mobbing victim arbitrarily leave the company.Although mobbing as a form of abuse has been written over the last 15 years, this is not a modern phenomenon. Psychological pressures have always existed. Mobing begins with conflict, and when a workplace conflict rise and take on some incredible conditions that result in severe psycho-physical consequences, we are talking about a phenomenon that everyone needs to recognize in time.

What falls under MOBING?

We can say that this phenomenon has three main features:

• the existence of violent behavior (by one or more persons to the victim of mobbing);
• It lasts for a prolonged period of time and constantly progresses (because mobing actually comes from a conflict that has never been solved and which escalated; the conflict deepens and intensifies);
• the emergence and increase of the imbalance of power in interpersonal relations (which is a practical definition of violence);

Due to this, the mobbing victim is under increasing stress, which becomes unbearable. She is forced to protect herself either at the company, or outside her. The story, most often, ends with the victim quiting her job or a long-lasting trial. Mobing has serious consequences, both for the victim of mobbing, her family, and on the company as well.

We are proud to point out that the first verdict in favor of the victim of mobbing in Kruševac was obtained by our office!

We provide quality legal services and representation in all international disputes. From the domain of International Private Law, our law office in this domain is working on personal status, family law (acts, divorce and irreverence of marriage with foreign element, adoption with a foreign element), inheritance (legal inheritance, testamentary inheritance), real property relationship (real estate and mobile things), an obligation relationship (contractual relations, issues of the form of a contract and non-contractual relations).

Regarding the Procedural International Private Law, our office performs: Recognition and execution of foreign court verdicts, recognition and execution of foreign arbitration decisions in Serbia, representation of foreign citizens in the exercise of family rights (the right of a foreigner to marriage, adoption and guardianship) and succession rights of foreigners.

International commercial disputes are primarily disputes between business entities – legal entities from different countries. States, entities under the control of the state and intergovernmental organizations may also appear as one of the parties to these disputes. Such disputes in themselves contain an element of foreignness – the international characteristic as a basic one, which essentially influences the manner of their resolution. In addition, the effects of decisions made in the resolution of such disputes have their own specific characteristics, which separates them from other commercial disputes, which do not contain a foreign element.

There are several ways to resolve international commercial disputes, and two are most common: court and arbitration.

Arbitration, unlike the state court, is a special judicial institution where arbitrators chosen by the parties meritoriously resolve their dispute. Arbitration courts are also called “selected courts”. The arbitral tribunal is represented in the national, and even more so in international traffic, because the arbitration is faster, less formal than the state court, the dispute is settled in the first instance if the parties have not agreed to arbitrate the decision. Arbiters are good connoisseurs of commercial law, they apply applicable regulations, and they can, in certain cases, address the application of the principle of fairness (ex aequo et bono).

Making of complex international agreements to legal entities and individuals from essential elements, through appropriate means of securing the execution of contracts, regulating tax aspects, confidentiality, ways of resolving possible misunderstandings and many other aspects, in modern law practice requires maximum engagement and dedication, and legal skills and skills in which is recognized by top law experts.

Our legal team provides complete legal advice and making all kinds of international agreements/contracts to legal entities and individuals, and long-term satisfaction of clients whose business we are taking care of, is only a motive to continue providing quality legal outsourcing in this area, while maintaining a simple legal saying that the contract is nothing more than the agreement of the will of the contracting parties.